2.1. Transcription and transliteration
In other words, transcription or transliteration (full or partial), the direct use of a given word denoting realia, or its root in writing with the letters of one's language or in combination with suffixes of one's language.
Transliteration when translating into Russian is often used when it comes to the names of institutions, positions specific to a given country, i.e. about the sphere of social and political life, about the names of objects and concepts of material life, about the forms of addressing the interlocutor, etc.
The transliteration method of translation is widespread and leaves a significant mark both in Russian translated literature and in original works (fiction, journalistic, scientific). Evidence of this are, for example, words related to English public life, such as "peer", "mayor", "landlord", "esquire", or to Spanish, such as "hidalgo", "torero", "corrida", etc. .; words associated with the life of the French city, such as "fiacre", "concierge"; English addresses "Miss", "Sir" and many others like them.
There is no such word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to observe the lexical brevity of the designation corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the thing or concept called, if there is no exact match in the target language. When evaluating the feasibility of using transliteration, it is necessary to take into account exactly how important the transfer of this specificity is. If the latter is not required, then the use of transliteration turns into an abuse of foreign borrowings, leads to obscuring the meaning and clogging the native language.
Of particular note as a translation problem are the so-called realities, the naming of national cultural objects that are characteristic of the original culture and relatively little or not at all known to the translating culture. In the conditions of large-scale intercultural communication, such namings constitute a very significant group, and the most common way to convey them in another language is translation transcription or standard transliteration.
The expediency and legitimacy of transliteration in certain cases is proved by the fact that often authors writing about the life of other peoples resort to this language tool as a way to name and emphasize the reality specific to the life of a given people. For example, the words "aul", "kishlak", "saklya" and many others entered the Russian language, and it was in this transliteration that they became traditional. This emphasized the specificity of the thing denoted by the word, its difference from what could be approximately denoted by the corresponding Russian word (cf. "aul" and "kishlak", on the one hand, and "village", on the other, "saklya" or " hut" and "hut"). An example of words borrowed by the original literature through transliteration serves as a motivation for using such words in translation.
Often, foreign words are transferred into the target language precisely to highlight the shade of specificity that is inherent in the reality they express - with the possibility of lexical translation, more or less accurate.
When a transliterated word is rarely used or, moreover, is transferred to a Russian translated text for the first time, a commentary explanation and an appropriate context may be necessary.
However, in recent times, in Russian translations of Western European literature, the tendency to avoid such words that would require explanatory notes that are not intended by the original is becoming more and more consolidated. namely transliterated designations of foreign realities, except for those that have already become familiar. On the contrary, in modern translations from the languages of the East, transliteration is used quite often when it comes to things or phenomena specific to material or social life, i.e. that do not match with us.
Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects, etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to transcribe or, less often, transliterate:
Hollywood - Hollywood [Per. 241]
Pencey - Pansy [Trans. 241]
Saxon Hall - Saxon Hall [Trans. 242]
Robert Tichener - Robert Tichener [Trans. 243]
Paul Campbell 243]
Elkton Hill - Elkton Hill [Trans. 250]
Edgar Marsala - Eddie Marsala [Trans. 252]
Bank of London - Bank of London
Minnesota - Minnesota
Wall Street Journal – Wall Street Journal
Detroit Red Wings - Detroit Red Wings
Beatles - The Beatles, etc. [Kazakova, p. 67].
The names and names of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also subjected to transcription:
Baba Yaga - Baba Yaga
Hobbit - Hobbit
goblin - goblin, etc. [Kazakova, p.75]
In relation to foreign proper names - whether they are the names or surnames of real or fictitious persons, geographical names, etc. - Of great importance is the question of their sound design in translation and, accordingly, of their writing. The more discrepancies in the phonetic structure of the two languages, in the composition and system of their phonemes, the more acute this issue.
In the presence of a common alphabet system in two languages (as, for example, in Western European Romance, Germanic and Finno-Ugric languages), the reproduction of the sound form of names in translations and in original texts is generally refused, limited only to the exact reproduction of their spelling - transliteration. In Russian literature, both translated and original, there is (to the extent possible) a tradition of transferring the sound image of foreign proper names. Of course, with a significant phonetic difference between two languages (as, for example, between English and Russian), the reproduction of their phonetic side can only be partial and conditional and usually represents a certain compromise between the transmission of sound and spelling.
When it comes to common names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the opportunity to get closer to the original sound. Sometimes the traditional Russian spelling is quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: "Schiller", "Byron", "Dante", "Brandenburg", etc.
Anthony Wayne Avenue - Anthony Wayne Street [Trans. 243]
The rule that exists in translation practice for applying translation transcription or transliteration to names often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a peculiar name common noun, as it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation with tracing is used. In some cases, tradition will require different renderings of the same name, of the same language, for different texts: thus, the English "George" is usually transcribed in the form "George", but when it is the name of the king, it is transliterated in the form " George".
Some problems may arise when translating the names of educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely applied to a number of educational institutions, completely different in level and type. Translation from Russian can also have some difficulties: for example, the word institute in Russia is used to refer to a higher educational institution, as well as to a research or even administrative and administrative institution, while in English-speaking countries the word institute is used only in the second meaning , and therefore is not always adequate as a correspondence, since it distorts the essence of the original concept.
Whooton School - Huttnon School [Trans. 250]
Finally, a special type of language units, usually subject to transcription, are terms. Transcriptions are usually sourced from Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms marked with national flavor also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:
chernozem - chernozem
Duma - Duma, etc. [Kazakova, p.75]
Transcription and transliteration
In learning a language and in everyday life, we may be faced with the need to transmit foreign words and names through our own writing system, so that someone who does not know a foreign script has some idea of \u200b\u200bhow these words sound. This process is called transliteration. Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reproduction of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the translating language, a letter-by-letter imitation of the form of the original word. In this case, the source word in the translated text is presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language.
There are some generally accepted rules for writing individual characters. Since different languages have different sound structures, it is not only a matter of replacing every written character in one language with a character in another. Most often, a simple character must be replaced by a combination of characters or a character with special characters (dots or dashes) called diacritics. Diacritics are added to characters to indicate that they have a different phonetic meaning. Usually, only those characters that have sound are presented in transliteration, it does not cover silent characters used to clarify the meaning. Transliteration rules are based, like all such rules, on agreement. However, they have not received universal recognition and consistent worldwide distribution. In the same way, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing can be transliterated.
A slightly different process is called transcription. Translation transcription is a formal phonemic reproduction of the original lexical unit using the phonemes of the target language, phonetic imitation of the original word. In the application to Egyptology, this term is used to denote a method that consists in the transfer of signs of non-hieroglyphic Egyptian writing by means of hieroglyphics. The process is similar to transliteration, except that both writing systems are Egyptian. The most common case of transcription is the translation of texts written in hieratic (Egyptian cursive script) into hieroglyphics.
The ancient Egyptian language contained a large number of sounds that are absent in Russian. Although the Egyptian script did not reflect vowels, it was, in some respects, more perfect than our alphabets in terms of consonants. For example, the English alphabet does not have a letter for a plosive glottal (Glottal plosive or Glottal stop), although this sound is often found in speech. Such a sound is indicated by vowels, but when it is pronounced in the initial phase, an obstacle to the air flow is created by closed vocal cords. Air pressure is discharged as a result of a sharp divergence of the vocal cords, so the pronounced vowel sound has a sharp increase in volume (attack) with aspiration at the beginning.
The plosive guttural sound is often found in English speech, for example, at the beginning of a word before a vigorously articulated vowel phoneme: apple, or as a separator between adjacent vowels in the distinct pronunciation (with a strong accent and a slight pause before the stressed syllable) of words like co-operate, geometry, reaction).
In German, vowels at the beginning of words are almost always pronounced with a distinct "hard fit". It is believed that there is no explosive guttural in Russian, but one German who lived in Russia caught the same exception, probably the only one: the colloquial "Nope!"
Transliteration when translating into Russian is often used when it comes to the names of institutions, positions specific to a given country, i.e. about the sphere of social and political life, about the names of objects and concepts of material life, about the forms of addressing the interlocutor, etc.
There is no such word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to observe the lexical brevity of the designation corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the thing or concept called, if there is no exact match in the target language.
Often, foreign words are transferred into the target language precisely to highlight the shade of specificity that is inherent in the reality they express - with the possibility of lexical translation, more or less accurate.
When a transliterated word is rarely used or, moreover, is transferred to a Russian translated text for the first time, a commentary explanation and an appropriate context may be necessary. In this case, the transliteration method is used in combination with the translation commentary method (see below).
Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of musicians, cultural objects, etc.
Most of these names are relatively easy to transcribe or, less often, transliterate:
Wall Street Journal
East Oregonian
Rosswell
Telstar
Hollywood
Bank of London
Wall Street Journal
- "East Oregonian" [trans. p.5]
Roswell [trans. With. 5]
- "Telstar" [transl. With. 13]
Minnesota
The Beatles, etc.
The names and names of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also subjected to transcription:
Goblin, etc.
In relation to foreign proper names, the issue of their sound design in translation and their spelling is of great importance. The more discrepancies in the phonetic structure of the two languages, in the composition and system of their phonemes, the more acute this question is:
Kent Astor
McCarthy
Kent Astor [trans. With. 13]
McCarthy [trans. With. 83]
When it comes to common names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the opportunity to get closer to the original sound. Sometimes the traditional Russian spelling is quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: "Schiller", "Byron", "Dante", "Brandenburg", etc. In some cases, tradition will require different renderings of the same name, of the same language, for different texts: thus, the English "George" is usually transcribed in the form "George", but when it is the name of a king, it is transliterated in the form " George".
The existing rule in translation practice for applying translation transcription or transliteration to names often turns out to be insufficient if the proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used as, for example, a nickname, reflecting the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation with tracing is used.
The translator resorts to transliteration of the nickname of one of the main characters, while giving a footnote: beaver - English. beaver. Further, the choice of this nickname by the author becomes clear from the work: the hero had a habit of gnawing toothpicks, which he always had with him.
Some problems may arise when translating the names of educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely applied to a number of educational institutions that are completely different in level and type (both, for example, a high school and a university). Translation from Russian can also have some difficulties: for example, the word institute in Russia is used to refer to a higher educational institution, as well as to a research or even administrative and administrative institution, while in English-speaking countries the word institute is used only in the second meaning , and therefore is not always adequate as a correspondence, since it distorts the essence of the original concept.
Whooton School
Finally, a special type of language units, usually subject to transcription, are terms. Transcriptions are usually sourced from Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms marked with national flavor also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:
Chernozem chernozem
Duma Duma Kazakova T.A. Practical foundations of translation. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat; Soyuz Publishing House, 2000, p. 75
Transcription is a phonetic imitation of the original word using the phonemes of the target language ( Today -sevodnya);
Transliteration is a literal imitation of the original word using the alphabet of the target language ( Today -today).
Almost all proper names are subject to transliteration / transcription, including geographical names, names and surnames of people, names of periodicals and companies, names and nicknames of folklore characters, names of nationalities and designations of national cultural realities.
APPLIED VARIANTS OF TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION / TRANSLITERATION OF LETTERS AND COMBINATIONS OF LETTERS OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET
|
M - m H - n | |||||
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C - ts, tz, cz, c | |||||
|
Y- y, i b - ‘ |
Combinations: *- uy (- th) – y, iy, ii; *- Ouch– oi, oy; *-to her– ei, ey; *- ye– ie; * - ya– ia, ya
EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH OF SOME NAMES, SURNAMES, COUNTRY REALITIES
Andrei, Aleksey, Daria, Georgy, Ilya Vasilievich, Sergei Ilyich, Mikhail, Arkhip, Fiodor, Piotr, Yuri/Yury, Ye lizav e ta*, Yelena, Liudmila/Lyudmila, Liubov’, Yakov;
Yeltsyn, Elkin/Yolkin, Osmiorkin, Riazhsky, Stozharov, Zhilinsky, Shchepkin, Khrushchev, Kuznetsov, Tretyakov, Ovcharenko/Ovtcharenko, Vil'kin, Trubetskoy, Adamian, Vardanian, G ui ndin**;
tsar/tzar/czar, tsarina, Genghis/Jenghiz Khan, oprichnina, perestroika, glasnost, tretyakovskaya gallereya, novodevichiy monastir’, moskovskiy gosudarstvenniy universitet, ploshchad’ revolutsii, kiyevskiy vokzal, alexandrovskii sad;
Buryati, Chukchi, Khanti, Eveny/Heveny/Evveng/Aeveny, Beijing (Beijing), Azerbaijan/Azerbaidzhan, Tajikistan;
Baba-Yaga, Ivan-Tsarevich, Tsarevna-Liagushka, Koshchey the Deathless/Immortal***
* at the beginning of words, the letter -e is transmitted as YE, in the middle of words as -e
**letter -i passed by -ui to avoid misreading: Gindin would be read Jindin but not Gindin in accordance with the rules of the English language.
*** In the folklore reality ‘Koshchei Immortal’ contains a semantic component that reflects the real property of the object, therefore, when translating, as shown, a combination of transcription and tracing is recommended
Note: the above examples of transcription of Russian realities such as tzar, oprichnina, baba-Yaga belong to the group xenonyms - linguistic units used in the language to refer to specific elements of external cultures.
Task 1. Correct, if necessary, the transliterations of the following Russian geographical names in accordance with the generally accepted ones in English.
Arhangelsk, Medvez’egorsk, Cherepovec, Brjansk, Gomel’, Rjazan’, Ul’janovsk, Velikij Ustjug, Gorkij, Har’kov, Mahachkala, Kujbyshev, Celinograd, Zapadnaja Sibir, Jakutsk, Sahalin, Habarovsk, More Laptevyh, Suhaja Tunguska
Task 2. Give the following proper names in English.
1. Vyborg, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Tagil, Ust-Luga, Novaya Zemlya, Barents Sea, Naryan Mar, Velikiye Luki, Sayany, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Kizhi, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, Chisinau, Oryol, Chernivtsi, Zaporozhye, Lake Ladoga, Tsimlyansk reservoir, Syzran, Nyandoma, Kerch, Ordzhonikidze, Yerevan, Shakhty, Donetsk, Voronezh, Nevsky Estuary, Hare Island, Nevsky Prospekt, Sandy Alley, Trinity Bridge, Birch Lane;
Sergius of Radonezh, Fyodor Sheremetiev, Eugene Onegin, Alexander Sergeevich, Vasily Arkadievich, Alexei Zinovievich, Zinoviy Fedorovich, Dmitry Levitsky, Mikhail Ilyich, Nadezhda Nikolaevna, Ulyana Yakovlevna, Sergei Yuryevich Sinitsky, Yuri Georgievich Zharov, Lyudmila Kuzminichna Yartseva, Lyubov Yulyevna Eremicheva, Kostya Vereshchagin, Ilya Shchelokov, Olga Dmitrievna Ulyanova, Elizaveta Ayatskova, Natalya Gennadievna Yudashkina, Artyom Gilyarovsky, Evgenia Lvovna;
Museum of Fine Arts, Ostankino Palace, Museum of Serfs, Historical Museum, VDNH, Leninskiye Gorki, Arkhangelskoye, Zhdanovskaya Line, Ryazansky Prospekt, Arbatskaya Square, Kievsky Proyezd, Krasnokholmsky Bridge, Northern River Port, Khimki Square, Beryozka shop, Tsarskoye Selo , Annunciation Cathedral, Holy Cross Church;
Task 3. You have to make a Russian-English phrasebook for tourists. Write the following Russian words and expressions using the letters of the English alphabet.
Please excuse yesterday, today, week, month, left, right, up, down, good, bad, cheap, expensive, hot, cold, old, new, open, closed;
I would like how much does it cost, what time is it, what does it mean, a bottle of mineral water, this water can be drunk, where is the bureau, fast train, passenger train, international carriage, the most convenient train, connect me, this is not possible, the nearest metro station, tram stop, you have to pay to enter, color film, black and white film, registered letter, poste restante, where is the nearest police station, do you have any English newspapers;
3. Please bring the menu, bread, second, third, ice cream, meat, napkin, sugar, ice water, oranges, eggplant, beef, cabbage rolls, peas, mushrooms, Kiev cutlets, pike, tongue, eggs, beets , herring, chicken, salmon, cakes, cucumbers, apple pie, chocolate biscuit, veal, barbecue, vegetables, peppers, carrots, olives, red caviar.
Translation or interlingual transformations transformations are called, with the help of which it is possible to carry out the transition from original units to communicatively equivalent, equivalent translation units. The translator has three main groups of techniques: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. Lexical translation techniques are applicable when a non-standard language unit at the word level occurs in the source text. For example, proper name, term, words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts characteristic of the source culture, but absent in the culture of the target language - the so-called realities. One of the most widely used lexical translation techniques is the translation transcription. Transcription is defined as a formal phonemic reproduction of the original lexical unit using the letters of the target language. In other words, it is a phonetic imitation of the original word. For example, George - George, William - William. In the translated text, the source word is most often presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language. In addition to proper names in a group of units translated by translation transcription, most specialists also include geographical names, names of peoples and tribes, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, national cultural objects ( realities). With regard to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation have been established, for example, Moscow - Moscow, St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg Petersburg, England - England, the English Channel - English Channel. When transcribing geographical names, it often happens accent shift: Washington – Washington. If the name contains a significant word, a mixed translation is applied, i.e. combination of transcription and semantic translation. For example, Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel.Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter recreation of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, i.e. literal imitation of the form of the original word. For example, Illinois - Illinois(and not Ilina), Michigan – Michigan(not Michigan). The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription with the preservation of some elements of transliteration: 1. in the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels ( Dorset - Before R set, Campbell- cam P b e ll); 2. when transmitting double consonants between vowels and at the end of words after vowels ( Bonners Ferry - Bo nn ers Fe pp and, boss - bo ss ). Tracing is defined as the reproduction of the combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the constituent parts of a word (morpheme) or phrase (lexeme) are translated by the corresponding elements of the target language. For example, Russian suffixes - spruce, -chik / -chik / - nick, -ets can be correlated with English suffixes –er/-or, -ist. For example, read spruce– read er, builds spruce– build er, wore box– port er etc. A large number of phrases in the political, scientific and cultural fields are practically tracing papers. For example: head of government - head of the government, Supreme Court - Supreme Court. When applying tracing, the translator often has to make some additional transformations - changing the order and number of words in a phrase, case forms, morphological or syntactic status of words in a phrase. For example, first-strike weapon - first strike weapon, two-thirds majority - two-thirds majority (votes). Tracing is usually subject to 1.terms, 2.names of monuments of history and culture, 3.names of works of art, 4.names of political parties and movements, 5.historical events or expressions of general cultural content.
Transcription implies the maximum phonetic reproduction of the original foreign language, with the help of graphic means of the translating language. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages differ from each other, due to the lack of letters in the target language that are similar to the sound in a foreign language, combinations of letters are used that give the desired sound.
So, the Russian "zh" is transmitted in English through the combination "zh", "x" through "kh", "u" through "shch" and so on.
Sometimes to use transcription or not may depend on the reader. It is necessary to take into account whether he is familiar with the realities of a foreign language. The translator must make sure that the text is perceived by the reader. So, for example, in a translated article about football published in a youth magazine, the concept of "fan" (from the English "fan") will not cause misunderstanding. But if the translation of this article is intended for publication in a journal whose readers may include people of retirement age, then the translator should think about the appropriateness of transcription and consider other methods of translation (for example, replacing with a more neutral concept of “fan”. ").
One of the important reasons for the use of transcription is conciseness.
But as we have repeatedly said, one must know the measure in everything. The abundance of transcription can lead to an overload of the text with realities, which may not bring the reader closer to the original, but move him away from it.
Also, when using transcription, one should always remember about homonymy, close-sounding words, since they can remind the reader of funny-sounding or indecent words of the native language. Often this factor forces the translator to abandon the use of transcription.
Transliteration means writing a foreign word in such a way that the letters of the foreign language are replaced by the letters of the native language. When transliterating, the word is read according to the rules of reading the native language.
The main method at the moment is considered a combination of transcription and transliteration. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages differ significantly from each other, the transmission of the word form in the target language is always somewhat arbitrary and approximate.
Tracing .
This is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. Tracing papers are borrowings in the form of a literal translation of a foreign word or expression, i.e., its exact reproduction by means
of the receiving language with the preservation of the morphological structure and motivation. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. The Russian noun “suicide” is a tracing paper of the Latin suicide (sui - `self, cide - `murder); the English noun self-service, borrowed into Russian by the method of tracing, has the form `self-service`.
The so-called half-calques are funny, when one of the roots of a two-root foreign word is calque, and the other is transcribed. According to the rules, the traffic light should have been called either phosphorus (transcription) or light-bearer (full tracing paper), and television - either television (as in Polish) or far-sighted (as in German - Fernsehen). It is interesting that in the word TV there was no tracing.
Specification is called the transformation of the meaning of a word in a foreign language by the translating language from a broad to a more concise one.
: Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. Dinny was waiting in the corridor, which smelled of carbolic acid. Was not at the ceremony. He attended the ceremony.
Generalization. The reception is the opposite of concretization. Converting the meaning of words from narrow to broad.
Does not visit me practically every week-end. He visits me almost every week. The use of a word with a more general meaning relieves the translator of the need to specify whether the author means Saturday or Sunday when speaking of "weekend".
Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language with a word from the target language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the original unit. Quite often, the meanings of the related words in the original and the translation turn out to be connected by causal relationships: I don "t blame them. - I understand them. (The reason is replaced by the consequence: I don't blame them because I understand them). He" s dead now . - He died. (He died, so he is now dead.) Not always made you say everything twice. - He always asked again. (You were forced to repeat what you said because he asked you again.)
1. Permutations
Permutation is used when it is necessary to swap words during translation. This technique can only be used with words that can be moved. Often this technique is used because of the different structure of sentences in English and Russian. As a rule, in English, a sentence begins with a noun, followed by a verb, and the circumstance often comes at the end.
The Russian system is different: usually at the beginning of the sentence there are secondary members, then the verb and at the end the subject. The translator needs to take this into account. This phenomenon has a name, "communicative division of the sentence."
Antonomic translation implies in the process of translation the replacement of the lexical unit of the original with the opposite one, but at the same time preserving the essence of the content.
Don't stop moving! (English) - Keep moving!
We had no end of good time. - We had a great time.
But we must keep in mind that not every antonym with negation in translation can reflect the true essence of the original. It is impossible, for example, to paraphrase sentences in this way: I opened the door (I did not close the door), he laughed (he did not cry). It should also be remembered that antonyms can replace each other only when they are included in a larger speech unit. The separate word "danger" cannot be replaced in translation with "security" or "darkness" with "light".
Another trick is compensation. It is used to achieve translation equivalence. A technique is used when certain lexical items do not have a corresponding equivalent in the target language. In this case, the translator can compensate for this with another word that is semantically appropriate.
This technique is considered one of the most difficult and requires great skill from the translator.
Holistic transformation. This technique by itself implies the transformation of both a lexical unit and the entire sentence. An equivalent transformation of the phrase is carried out, with the preservation of the semantic idea.
Variants accepted in English: Watch the doors, please. Keep clear of the doors.
Nevertheless, in comparison with the method of semantic development, a holistic transformation has greater autonomy. Its main feature is that the synthesis of meaning occurs without a direct connection with the analysis, the semantic connection between the elements may not be traced, the most important thing is the equivalence of the content plan: How do you do? - Hello!; Here you are! - Here!; Well done! - Bravo!; Help yourself - Help yourself!; Hear, hear - That's right!
Explication or descriptive translation. This is a transformation in which a word can be replaced by a phrase that gives a more detailed definition of the original in the target language. Using this technique, you can give a clearer explanation to a word for which there is no equivalent in the target language. conservationist - a supporter of environmental protection; whistle-stop speech - speeches of the candidate during the election campaign trip. But this technique has a drawback - it is its voluminousness and verbosity.
Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. - Car owners from cities between these two points were constantly bringing and taking parents who visited their children injured during the crash.
Cinematography carries commercial functions, and the title is advertising. Therefore, the name undergoes various transformations so that it becomes bright and attracts as much attention as possible to the domestic audience. For example, if the film Hitch were translated as simply "Hitch" and not "Removal Rules - The Hitch Method", it would not be as promising for a potential viewer.
example
Alice promised to help
Olga Alexandrovna, I can't paraphrase this passage in any way. On the Internet, I reviewed a bunch of sites, everything is in the same style, I did not find any simplified wording. I really need your help!
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