Environmental control (supervision)– a system of measures aimed at preventing, identifying and suppressing violations of legislation in the field.
Types of environmental control
- State environmental control– carried out by federal executive authorities (Rosprirodnadzor) and executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. (Types of state environmental control: state land control, in the field of atmospheric air protection, etc.);
- Industrial environmental control– carried out by business entities themselves (self-control). In order to carry out industrial environmental control, enterprises provide special structural units or positions;
- Public environmental control– is one of the guarantees of ensuring everyone’s right to a favorable environment and to reliable information about its condition. Citizens have the right to exercise public environmental control both individually and jointly.
Environmental monitoring
– comprehensive observations of the state of the environment, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment.
Objectives of environmental monitoring
- Regular monitoring of the state of the environment;
- Storage and processing of information about the state of the environment;
- Analysis of the information received;
- Providing state authorities, local governments, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, and citizens with information about the state of the environment.
Environmental control is the most important legal measure to ensure rational use of natural resources and protection of the environment from harmful impacts, a function of public administration and a legal institution of environmental law. Based on the role of environmental control in the environmental protection mechanism, it can be assessed as the most important legal measure. It is through environmental control that the compulsion of the relevant subjects of environmental law to comply with environmental requirements is mainly ensured. Very often, measures of legal liability for environmental violations are applied in the process of environmental control or as a result of its results.
It was previously emphasized that the function of environmental control is also performed when implementing other legal measures to ensure rational use of natural resources and environmental protection - environmental regulation, environmental assessment, environmental licensing, environmental certification. But within all these areas of activity, environmental control, i.e. Ensuring the fulfillment of environmental and legal requirements is carried out objectively, incidentally, in relation to each of the named types of activities. The implementation of any of these measures, as well as environmental control, is an independent, purposeful activity of specially authorized state bodies, carried out within the framework of the established procedure, on the basis of special legal norms and aimed at solving their tasks.
Russian administrative law distinguishes two types of control activities - control and supervision. Environmental control refers to the activities of authorized entities to verify compliance and fulfillment of the requirements of environmental legislation. Administrative supervision is a specific type of state control. Its essence is to monitor the implementation of environmental regulations in force in the field of management. Supervision is carried out in relation to executive authorities, enterprises, public organizations and citizens.
Environmental control as a legal measure performs a number of functions - preventive, informational and punitive.
The role of the preventive function is that subjects of environmental control, knowing about the possible verification of their compliance with legal environmental requirements, independently become active in fulfilling legal requirements and preventing violations. The information function is related to the fact that in the process of control, the relevant bodies and persons collect a variety of information about the environmental activities of controlled and supervised objects. The punitive function is manifested in the application of sanctions provided for by law to violators of legal environmental requirements.
In environmental practice in Russia, the following types of environmental control are distinguished: state, departmental, industrial, municipal, public. The criteria for such classification are the subject on whose behalf the control is carried out and the scope of the control.
Environmental monitoring is a system of long-term observations of the state of the environment, assessment and forecast of changes in its state under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. In accordance with the legislation, monitoring is carried out both of the environment as a whole and of its individual components - land, water, atmospheric air and other natural objects.
The organization and conduct of environmental monitoring is regulated by many acts of environmental legislation at the level of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, including the Laws on Environmental Protection (Article 63), on the Hydrometeorological Service, on the Subsoil (Article 36.1), on the Protection of Atmospheric Air (Article 23 ), on fauna (Article 15), on internal sea waters, the territorial sea and the contiguous zone of the Russian Federation (Article 36), Land Code of the Russian Federation (Article 67), Water Code of the Russian Federation (Article 78), Forest Code of the Russian Federation (v. 69). The Law on the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population provides for social and hygienic monitoring (Article 45), containing elements of environmental monitoring.
Legislation establishes the obligation to conduct state and non-state environmental monitoring. Thus, the Regulations on assessing the impact of planned economic and other activities on the environment in the Russian Federation obliges legal entities and citizen entrepreneurs to develop proposals for an environmental monitoring program at all stages of the implementation of planned economic and other activities.
Some general and basic provisions on environmental monitoring are formulated in the Environmental Protection Law. According to Art. 63 state environmental monitoring is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, as well as to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals for reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse consequences of changes in the state of the environment . The procedure for organizing and implementing state environmental monitoring is established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Information about the state of the environment, its changes, obtained during state environmental monitoring is used by state authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments to develop forecasts for socio-economic development and make appropriate decisions, develop federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, targeted programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and environmental protection measures.
In order to increase the efficiency of work to preserve and improve the state of the environment, the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System was created by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1993. All specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection and use of natural resources participate in it.
The most solid monitoring base is possessed by Roshydromet, which is a specially authorized government body in this area. Thus, in 1998, observations of the state of the atmosphere were carried out regularly at 602 stationary posts in 238 cities and towns in Russia. Most cities measure concentrations of between 5 and 25 substances.
Soil sampling was carried out in 176 farms located on the territory of 36 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the selected samples, 21 types of pesticides were determined.
Observations of land surface water pollution based on hydrochemical indicators covered more than 120 water bodies, where 156 control points are located. The observation program includes from 2 to 6 indicators 1.
Industrial environmental monitoring is being developed, i.e. monitoring carried out by enterprises. For example, since October 1995, a monitoring system has been created at Gazprom JSC. When designing it, monitoring of pollution sources, volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere and wastewater discharges is provided; information interaction with territorial services of Roshydromet, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and other bodies.
One of the main results of environmental monitoring is obtaining data on its condition. The Law on Hydrometeorological Service provides for the creation unified state data fund on the state of the natural environment and its pollution(v. 15). The Unified State Data Fund is an ordered, constantly updated set of documented information on the state of the natural environment, its pollution, obtained as a result of the activities of the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, other interested federal executive authorities, their territorial bodies, executive authorities subjects of the Russian Federation, individuals and legal entities (regardless of their organizational and legal form) in the field of hydrometeorology and related fields (meteorology, climatology, agrometeorology, hydrology, oceanology, heliogeophysics), monitoring the state of the natural environment, its pollution. It is formed on the basis of the collection, processing, accounting, storage and dissemination of documented information about the state of the natural environment and its pollution. The creation and maintenance of a unified state fund of data on the state of the natural environment and its pollution is regulated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 21, 1999.
In accordance with the Law on the Hydrometeorological Service, information on the state of the natural environment and its pollution is provided to users (consumers) free of charge, as well as on the basis of contracts (Article 17). The Regulations on information services in the field of hydrometeorology and monitoring of environmental pollution, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 15, 1997, specify the conditions for the provision of information. Free information in the field of hydrometeorology and general-purpose monitoring of the natural environment is provided to government bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, and to bodies of the unified state system for preventing and responding to emergency situations. For other users (consumers) information in the field of hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring
general purpose media is provided for a fee in amounts that cover the costs of its preparation, copying and transmission over electrical and postal networks.
Environmental monitoring data serves as the basis for maintaining state cadastres of natural resources, as well as for making environmentally significant economic and other decisions.
development of environmental documentation, waste passports, PNOLR
Our contacts:
Our address:
194100, St. Petersburg, st. Lithuanian,
10, Business center "Technopark Litovskaya 10",
What is the difference between the concepts “Environmental monitoring” and “Environmental control”?
In the implementation of environmental monitoring and environmental control, the common functional element is conducting observations and assessing the data obtained on the parameters (characteristics) of the observed object. However, within the framework of these two concepts, the objects being observed, as well as the subsequent functions implemented on the basis of the information received, differ significantly.
In environmental control, the objects of observation are anthropogenic objects (sources of emissions and discharges of harmful substances) or economic activities in general. During environmental control, a control action is carried out on the observed object, aimed at bringing it into compliance with predetermined parameters. Thus, an inspector from a regulatory agency, measuring the concentrations of pollutants at the source of emissions or discharges of an enterprise, identifies an excess of the established MPE or VAT standards. Based on this fact, he issues an order to the management of the enterprise to eliminate the violation by bringing the parameters of emissions (discharges) in accordance with the standards (improving treatment equipment, production processes, etc.).
In environmental monitoring (ecological monitoring), the objects of observation are atmospheric air, surface water and soil, etc. The purpose of observation is to obtain objective data on the state of these components of the natural environment, predicting their possible changes in time and space under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The objectives of monitoring are monitoring the state of the environment, identifying and predicting negative changes and timely submission of information in the prescribed manner. In this case, identifying any deviations in the state of atmospheric air, surface water, soil (for example, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of pollutants) is a signal for taking control actions to minimize the consequences of negative changes V state of the environment for human health and the state of ecosystems (especially in case of emergency pollution).
Thus, unlike environmental control, in environmental monitoring it is impossible to exert direct (direct) control influence on the observed objects. Therefore, in monitoring, instead of this function, tasks of predicting changes in the state of observed objects are implemented.
Despite the fact that environmental control and environmental monitoring are different concepts, ultimately both systems are aimed at preventing environmental pollution.
Environmental monitoring(environmental monitoring).
Concept of environmental monitoring. Environmental monitoring as a system of observation of the state of the environment of the Russian Federation, including in areas where sources of pollution and other negative impacts on it are located, and the state of individual components of the natural environment (the atmosphere, water bodies, lands, soils, forests, wildlife, etc. ), the level of pollution of the environment and its components, including radioactive contamination.
Timely identification of changes, their assessment, prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes as the goal of environmental monitoring.
Main tasks of environmental monitoring: a) observation of physical events occurring in the environment,
chemical, biological processes; b) monitoring
the level of pollution of atmospheric air, soil, and water bodies: c) monitoring the consequences of the influence of such pollution on flora and fauna; d) providing interested organizations and the population with current and emergency information about changes in the environment and forecasts of its condition.
Types of environmental monitoring. Federal, regional and local monitoring. Global environmental monitoring.
The correlation of environmental monitoring with social and hygienic monitoring, monitoring of the social and labor sphere, monitoring of urban planning objects, monitoring of the safety of hydraulic structures, enterprises, organizations controlled by the State Technical Supervision Authority of Russia, monitoring of factors that determine the emergence of threats to the environmental safety of Russia.
Standardization of environmental quality(environmental regulation). The concept of environmental regulation. State regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, guaranteeing the preservation of a favorable environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring the environmental safety of the population, as the purpose of environmental regulation. The procedure for developing and approving standards in the field of environmental protection. State bodies carrying out environmental regulation.
Types of environmental regulation.
§ Environmental quality standards. Standards
maximum permissible concentrations of chemical, radioactive,
microbiological substances, maximum permissible levels
harmful physical influences (heat, noise, radiation, etc.)
§ Standards for permissible environmental impact
environment established for natural resource users (legal
and individuals). Permissible emissions and discharge standards
substances and microorganisms. Limits on emissions and discharges
pollutants, the procedure and conditions for their establishment.
Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and
limits on their placement. Standards for acceptable physical
influences (amount of heat, noise levels, vibration, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field strength and
other physical influences).
§ Standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment.
§ Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment.
§ Technological standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms. Technical standards for vehicle emissions.
§ Standards for other permissible environmental impacts.
§ Standards for the use of agrochemicals and pesticides in agriculture. Standards for maximum permissible residual amounts of chemicals in food products.
§ Environmental requirements for products in standards for new equipment, technologies, materials, substances and other products that can have a harmful effect on the environment (environmental requirements for products).
§ State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection. Standards for sanitary, protective zones, sanitary protection zones, suburban green areas.
The relationship between environmental standards and international standards.
§ Correlation of environmental quality standardization with standardization of the quality of the marine environment of internal sea waters and the territorial sea, standardization in the field of atmospheric air protection, state standardization in the field of ensuring radiation safety, standardization in the field of waste management.
§ The relationship between environmental quality regulation and state sanitary and epidemiological regulation.
§ The relationship between environmental quality regulation and state regulation of agricultural land fertility, regulation in the field of use and protection of wildlife and its habitat, and other types of regulation in the field of use and protection of natural resources.
Legal consequences of violating environmental regulations.
Environmental control and supervision.
§ The concept of environmental control and supervision as: a) functions of environmental management; b) legal institute (intersectoral and environmental law institute); c) guarantees of compliance with environmental laws, compliance with environmental requirements, implementation of environmental programs, plans and activities; d) the legal form of activity in this area.
§ Ensuring the achievement and maintenance of the quality (state) of the environment as the place and conditions of life and activity of living and future generations as the goal of environmental control and supervision.
§ Principles of environmental control and supervision: a) the principle of independence of bodies and officials of environmental control and supervision in the implementation of their control activities; b) the principle of minimizing (overcoming multiplicity) of environmental control and supervision bodies; c) the principle of separating the functions of legal regulation, control and supervisory functions and functions for the provision of public services and for the management of state property.
§ Own functions of environmental control and supervision: a) information; b) preventative; c) suppression of environmental violations.
§ Types of environmental control and supervision: a) state, including federal environmental supervision; b) public environmental control; c) municipal environmental control; d) departmental environmental control; e) industrial environmental control. Preventive, current and subsequent environmental control and supervision.
§ Powers of environmental control and supervision bodies: a) preventive in nature: b) to suppress environmental violations; c) to bring to legal liability.
§ The procedure for state environmental control and supervision. Features of state environmental control and supervision in closed administrative-territorial entities, at sensitive, special-security and especially important facilities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The procedure for conducting state environmental control and supervision at facilities of economic and other activities under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, contributing to transboundary environmental pollution and (or) having a negative impact on the environment within the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation (federal control).
§ State environmental control and supervision bodies.
§ The relationship between environmental control and supervision with environmental monitoring, environmental assessment, environmental audit and other environmental management functions.
§ Rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state environmental control and supervision and methods of their protection.
Environmental audit(environmental audit). The concept of environmental audit as: a) a function of environmental management; b) entrepreneurial activity. The purpose and objectives of environmental audit.
Auditors. Legal requirements for auditors. Code of Professional Ethics for Auditors. The relationship between environmental auditing and independent auditing activities in the field of prevention and response to emergency situations, insurance of liability for harm in the event of an accident at a hazardous production facility. The relationship between environmental audits and subsoil use audits and other types of audits in the field of natural resource use.
Licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection (environmental licensing).
§ Concept, goals and objectives of environmental licensing.
§ Types of environmental licensing. Licensing of activities for the management of industrial and consumer waste, including hazardous waste. Licensing in the field of hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring. Other types of environmental licensing.
§ The relationship between licensing in the field of environmental protection and licensing in the field of use and protection of lands (including reclaimed land), licensing in the field of use and protection of subsoil, licensing in the field of use and protection of water bodies, licensing of activities for the use of forest resources, licensing in the field of protection and use of wildlife, licensing of industrial fishing and fish farming, licensing of activities for the collection and sale of raw materials from wild medicinal plants and other types of licensing in the field of use and protection of natural resources.
Environmental Certification.
The concept of environmental certification: a) as a function of environmental management; b) as a type of work (service) for environmental purposes. Mandatory and voluntary environmental certification.
Ensuring the safety of products for the environment, ensuring human environmental safety, rational use of natural resources as the purpose of environmental certification. Types of certification aimed at achieving environmental goals. Safety certification of hazardous industrial and other facilities. Certification of drinking water, materials, technological processes and equipment used in domestic and drinking water supply. Mandatory certification of forest resources, including mandatory certification of standing timber and secondary forest resources and other types of certification.
The procedure for environmental certification.
Practical lesson(6 hours)
Questions and tasks
1. State environmental monitoring.
2.Environmental control: concept, types. The system of state environmental control bodies, their powers.
3.Environmental audit and activities in the field of environmental management.
3.Environmental regulation. Types of environmental regulations and their legal significance. Technical standardization of product quality, production processes and environmental protection.
4.Environmental licensing.
5.Ecological certification.
Tasks
Problem 1. The head of a business company has an intention to carry out the following types of activities in order to make a profit:
Waste management activities, organization of work on the management of production and consumption waste;
Activities for the collection, transportation, neutralization, disposal of sludge from treatment facilities of local drainage networks, treatment facilities of subscribers of the city drainage network and vehicle washes, production facilities;
Carrying out work on the reclamation of landfills and landfills for the disposal of industrial and consumer waste;
Activities for collection, disposal, storage, movement, burial, destruction of materials and substances, including hazardous ones (except radioactive);
Environmental certification of production, economic and other facilities;
Environmental certification of production, technological processes, equipment, products, production waste;
Environmental auditing of production, economic and other facilities, technological equipment, conditions for conducting activities subject to licensing;
Environmental training, advanced training and professional retraining of specialists from enterprises, organizations, entrepreneurs and individuals in the field of environmental knowledge;
Development of the “Environmental Protection” section as part of project documentation for the construction, expansion, reconstruction of economic and industrial facilities, urban planning documentation;
Development of draft standards for maximum permissible and temporarily agreed upon emissions of pollutants into the air (including radioactive ones) and discharges into water bodies; standards for vibration, noise and other types of physical impact on the environment; limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste;
Conducting environmental impact assessments when developing design documentation for production, economic and other facilities and complexes;
Development of environmental justification for conducting (expansion, change) economic and other activities;
Assessment of environmental safety of materials, substances, technologies, equipment;
Works and services to eliminate environmental consequences caused by man-made and natural emergencies;
Carrying out work to restore the fertility of reclaimed lands and implement anti-erosion measures;
Carrying out landscaping work;
Carrying out work on the improvement and reconstruction of water bodies, carrying out dredging and other work on water bodies, removing sunken wood and other objects;
Installation of instruments, measuring instruments, environmental protection devices;
Installation and operation of instruments and measuring instruments for monitoring the state of the environment;
Environmental consulting.
When discussing these types of activities at the meeting, the question arose whether it was necessary to obtain a license to carry out these types of activities. The company's legal adviser believed that since these types of activities are not listed in Art. 17 of the Federal Law “On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities”, they are not subject to licensing. At the same time, it was decided to contact Moskompriroda for clarification.
Moskompriroda received a response that the listed types of activities are included in the list of activities in the field of environmental protection subject to licensing, which is contained in the Procedure for licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection in Moscow, approved by order of Moskompriroda dated January 27, 2000 No. 24, therefore, they are licensed.
Is Moskompriroda’s explanation legal and justified?
Task 2. In one of the regions of the Far North, the regional fisheries inspection discovered a large oil slick on the surface of a reservoir. The inspection showed that it was formed as a result of a leak in one of the tanks of the fuel and lubricants warehouse. The Territorial Committee for Water Resources filed a claim for compensation for damage caused to the environment. The defendant did not admit the claim, citing the fact that the fuel storage technology was not violated. An examination appointed by the arbitration court established that the leak in the tank arose due to the unsuitability of the material from which it was made for use in the Far North. However, the tanks were manufactured and installed in the warehouse according to the design.
What other measures provided by law can be taken by state environmental control bodies?
Who should bear responsibility in this case?
1. State service for monitoring the state of the natural environment (environmental monitoring) has its tasks:
· monitoring the state of the natural environment and individual natural objects, the physical, chemical, biological processes occurring in it, the level of pollution of soil, atmospheric air, water bodies, the consequences of its influence on flora and fauna, and human health;
· generalization and assessment of the information received about the state of the natural environment;
· forecasting changes in the state of the natural environment in order to prevent its negative environmental consequences;
· providing information on the state and changes in the natural environment to interested organizations and the population.
Depending on the objects of environmental monitoring, it is divided into general - monitoring of the natural environment, and sectoral - monitoring of natural objects.
The organizational basis of state environmental monitoring is Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring(Roshydromet). Roshydromet is a federal executive body that carries out the functions of managing state property and providing public services in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas, environmental monitoring, its pollution, state supervision of work on active influence on meteorological and other geophysical processes.
Storage of information within the framework of a unified environmental monitoring system is carried out in accordance with the established procedure State Data Fund of State Environmental Monitoring.
2. State environmental control is one of the types of administrative and management activities and, unlike monitoring, involves not only the collection and analysis of the necessary information, but also verification of compliance with environmental requirements and standards by environmental entities, and identification of violations of environmental legislation. It is of a supra-departmental nature and includes in its system bodies of general and special competence that carry out management in the field of use of natural resources and environmental protection. A special place among them is occupied by special environmental inspections - state forest protection, hunting inspection, fisheries protection, state sanitary and epidemiological service, etc.
The organization and conduct of state environmental control and ensuring intersectoral coordination of the activities of state bodies in this area are entrusted to Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources- a division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. The main objectives of state control and supervision in the field of environmental management and environmental protection are the identification, suppression and prevention of offenses related to the illegal and irrational use of natural resources, with a negative impact on the environment when carrying out all types of environmental management, including environmentally hazardous ones.
3. Production control carried out by the environmental service of enterprises, organizations and institutions (officials, laboratories, departments, etc. for environmental protection), whose activities are related to the use of natural resources or have an impact on the environment. The task of industrial environmental control is to verify the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection and environmental improvement, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, compliance with environmental quality standards, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation at a specific enterprise, organization, institution. It can be expressed in the control of emissions of pollutants, the allocation and use of funds for environmental protection measures, the operation of treatment facilities, etc.
Within public control citizens and their organizations, public associations and environmental movements can independently or jointly with government bodies participate in the implementation of environmental activities, verification of compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation by enterprises, organizations, institutions, officials and citizens, identification and suppression of environmental violations.
Various mass public organizations (trade unions, youth, etc.), as well as specialized environmental groups (nature conservation societies, environmental parties, etc.) take part in the protection of the natural environment. The activities of environmental movements are expanding, uniting citizens in the protection of individual natural objects and complexes, in connection with the solution of zonal environmental problems (protection of Lake Baikal, the Volga River, etc.).
4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)- the procedure for taking into account the environmental requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation when preparing and making decisions on the socio-economic development of society. It is organized and carried out with the aim of identifying and taking necessary and sufficient measures to prevent possible environmental and associated social, economic and other consequences of economic and other activities that are unacceptable to society.
The result of an EIA is a conclusion about the admissibility of the impact of the planned activity on the environment. Supporting documentation for the implementation of types and objects of economic activity, containing the results of the EIA, is submitted for state environmental impact assessment.
5. Environmental assessment- this is the establishment of compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and the associated social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment (Federal Law “On Environmental examination").
The essence of environmental impact assessment is a preliminary (at the stage of decision-making and project development) verification of the compliance of economic activities with environmental requirements, and its goal is to prevent harmful environmental and other consequences of such activities.
Depending on the procedure for organizing and conducting environmental assessments are divided into two types: state and public.
State Environmental Expertise organized and conducted by specially authorized government bodies. The exclusive right to conduct it and the corresponding functions belong to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, namely the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources . The strategic goal of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources is to ensure the environmental and economic security of the Russian Federation, adherence to rational, continuous, sustainable, environmentally safe use of natural resources, and the preservation of all components of the environment from degradation and destruction. It has the right to appoint an environmental assessment and monitor compliance with its requirements. State environmental assessment can be carried out at two levels - federal and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Public environmental review is organized and carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local government bodies by public organizations (associations), the main activity of which, in accordance with their charters, is environmental protection, including conducting environmental assessments.
Conducting a state environmental assessment is mandatory in cases established by law, and public environmental assessment is carried out on an initiative basis. In this case, public environmental impact assessment can be carried out before the state assessment or simultaneously with it.
6. Economic mechanism for environmental protection.
In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, when carrying out the functions of state environmental management, along with the use of administrative methods, economic means of ensuring rational environmental management and environmental protection are becoming increasingly important. In this regard, the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” introduces the concept of an economic mechanism for protecting the natural environment and defines its tasks and main elements. Among the latter, the Law includes the economic aspects of accounting for natural resources discussed above, the financing of environmental activities, the creation and expenditure of environmental funds, environmental insurance, payment for environmental management, as well as environmental incentives, which can be expressed in preferential lending and taxation of enterprises and organizations when they carry out activities, ensuring an environmental effect (introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies, use of secondary raw materials, etc.), in the application of incentive prices and premiums for environmentally friendly products, etc.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Ecology
Federal Agency for Education.. state educational institution of higher professional education..
If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:
What will we do with the received material:
If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:
| Tweet |
All topics in this section:
Ecology
Approved as a teaching aid by the Academic Council of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Komsomolsky-on-Amu"
Development of ecological ideas
The history of the emergence and development of people's ecological ideas goes back to ancient times. Knowledge about the environment and the nature of relationships with it has acquired practical significance
Definition of ecology, system of environmental sciences
The study of such large-scale complex formations required combining the research efforts of representatives of different “special” ecologies. This would be impossible without developing common approaches to
General methods
There are two groups of universal methods - metaphysical and dialectical methods. Natural sciences use dialectical methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, analogy, classification, generalized
General scientific methods
There are also two groups of general scientific methods – empirical and theoretical. Empirical methods - observation, description, measurement and experiment - were decisive in the history of the development of natural sciences.
Private scientific methods
Private scientific methods are used only within a specific section of science or a specific phenomenon. Ecology, like every special science, has its own specific research methods. Private scientific
Concept of environmental factors
The manifestation of life at all levels of its organization is based on the activity of individual organisms, their exchange with the environment, as well as adaptation to environmental factors. In ecology, they are widely used
Temperature
Temperature conditions are one of the most important, constantly operating environmental factors that influence the intensity of metabolic processes of organisms. Temperature fluctuations are geographical, season
Humidity
Water is the main medium for biochemical reactions in organisms; it makes up the bulk of plant and animal organisms (from 50 to 95%). All intracellular and intercellular exchange occurs within
Correlation of the Basic Concepts of Population Ecology
It is also necessary to become familiar with some intraspecific structures. Subspecies – a set of individuals inhabiting a geographically homogeneous part of the species range and differing
Static population indicators
Abundance – the number of individuals in a population, depends on the biological potential of the species and external conditions, and can vary significantly over time. Density
Dynamic indicators of populations
The main dynamic indicators are fertility (birth rate), mortality (death rate) and population growth rate.
Concept and structure of biocenoses
To avoid confusion in definitions, it is necessary to objectify the differences in the terms “ecosystem” (A. Tansley, 1935), “biocenosis” (K. Moebius, 1877) and “biogeocenosis” (V.N. Sukachev, 1942). In general, everything
Critical Ecosystems
The classification of ecosystems is presented in Figure 8. Ocean ecosystems: Biological production in ecosystems is limited by the lack of some vital bio
Structure of the biosphere
The biosphere is the “region of life”, the space on the surface of the globe in which living beings are distributed. The term was coined in 1875 by the Austrian Eduard Suess
Lithosphere
The main role in the study of the internal structure of the Earth is played by seismic methods based on the study of the propagation of elastic waves (both longitudinal and transverse) in its thickness.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is affected by the force of gravity, which holds the air shell at the surface of the Earth. Atmospheric gases are compressed under their own weight. This compression is maximum at the bottom
Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. The average depth of the ocean is 3800 m, the maximum (Mariana Trench of the Pacific Ocean) is 11,022 meters. About 97% of the mass of the hydrosphere with
Metabolism in the biosphere
All three shells (atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) are closely connected with each other, forming a single functional system that ensures the global circulation of substances, and due to this self-regulating
Cycle of nutrients in the biosphere
Living organisms are built from a large number of chemical elements (Fig. 11). The cycle of substances is the repeated participation of substances in processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydro- and lithospheres
Carbon cycle
The main stages of the carbon cycle: 1) CO2 is absorbed during photosynthesis by green plants and photosynthetic algae; 2) carbon passes through food chains into the composition
Oxygen cycle
The oxygen cycle is a planetary process that connects the atmosphere, hydro- and lithosphere through the combined activities of living organisms. Main stages of the cycle:
Nitrogen cycle
The main stages of the nitrogen cycle: 1) plants and animals contain nitrogen in the composition of amino acids and nucleic acids; 2) waste products of organisms (ammonia, urea, etc.)
Sulfur cycle
Sulfur is a biogenic element that is almost never in short supply. In living organisms, sulfur is the main component of some amino acids (cysteine, methionine). The main links in the sulfur cycle: 1) c
Phosphorus cycle
Phosphorus is one of the most important biogenic elements. It is part of nucleic acids, phospholipids of cell membranes, ATP, enzymes, bone tissue, dentin. The main links of the cycle f
Cycle of microelements in the biosphere
Microelements are substances necessary for living organisms, the content of which is very small. Most microelements are biologically active, therefore they are part of enzymes. Deficiency or excess
Teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere
The author of the term “biosphere” is the French scientist Jean Baptiste Lamarck, who used it in 1803. For Lamarck, the biosphere meant the totality of organisms that live
The idea of the noosphere in the modern world
At the present stage of human development in the scientific world, an urgent problem arises of the integrity of man as a phenomenon. For many centuries people have thought more about nature, space,
Man as a biological species
Biologically, humans belong to the class of mammals, order of primates, family of apes, genus Homo (Man), species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens), subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens (
Concept of environmental management
At the present stage, we can confidently speak about a holistic system of environmental management covering all spheres of human activity. Environmental management as a science is closely related to economic
Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the biosphere
A pollutant is any chemical, energy, waste, etc. that is beyond safe levels for humans and causes undesirable changes in the environment.
Air pollution
Regions of the technosphere and natural zones adjacent to the hotbeds of the technosphere are constantly exposed to active pollution by various substances and their compounds. Most favorable for breathing
Anthropogenic problems arising from air pollution
As a result of anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere, the following negative consequences are possible: 1) exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of many toxic substances (CO, NO2, SO2
Land pollution
Disruption of the upper layers of the earth's crust occurs during the extraction of minerals and their enrichment; disposal of household and industrial waste; conducting military exercises and tests, etc. Soil by
Energy pollution of the technosphere
Industrial enterprises, energy facilities, communications and transport are the main sources of energy pollution in industrial regions, urban environments, homes and natural areas. Cl
Water pollution and drinking water quality
The first and main cause of water pollution is too much water consumption (and, accordingly,
Aspects of social ecology
Scientific and technological progress and the development of hydrocarbon energy have contributed to an increase in the comfort of activity and life, an increase in life expectancy on Earth and, as a result, population growth
The scientific and methodological basis of environmental law is modern theoretical ideas about the interaction of man, society and nature. The interaction of society and nature as e
State Environmental Management
Management of natural resources and environmental protection is a manifestation of the ecological function of the state. It represents the activities of competent government bodies aimed at
The most important functions of state environmental management
1. Accounting and maintenance of natural resource inventories. Accounting and registration of natural resources is a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of all other functions of the state environmental management system.
The purpose and objectives of environmental safety
In solving environmental problems, social policy is adequate to environmental policy. The main goals of social and environmental policy ensuring normal life and economic
Social and environmental problems as a political factor
At the present stage, there is a direct connection between political problems, the rational use of natural resources and the protection of natural resources. To date, when unwanted
Formation of ecological culture
When we talk about ecological culture, we mean the relationship of man and society not only to nature: water, soil, atmosphere, but also to himself, the animal
Environmental education and training
An ecological crisis is a worldview crisis, directly related to the totality of ideas of an individual or group about the “man - nature” system, with his attitude towards nature and with
Structure of environmental education in Russia
Now the continuous process of deepening and improving environmental education in secondary schools has become a fact. Many of them have a basic curriculum with a set
Environmental ideology as a means of increasing civic activity of the population
Ideology is a system of views and ideas in which people’s attitudes to reality and to each other, social problems and conflicts are recognized and assessed, and also contains the goals (programs) of society
International cooperation in the field of ecology
The environmental problems that confronted humanity in the second half of the 20th century became a matter of concern for the entire world community. Global problems that are currently emerging
International Conference on the Environment in Stockholm
The integrity of world civilization requires unity of action in creating an international mechanism for technological cooperation for nature protection, environmental monitoring and control, a center for urgent
International environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro
At the initiative of the UN, in June 1992, a conference of world ecologists on environment and development was held in Rio de Janeiro. The conference continued the work begun in Stockholm 20 years ago. Not everything about
Archaeological information about the settlement of the Amur basin
One of the central places in the study of the history of a particular region is occupied by the problem of its initial settlement by humans. Active archaeological research in the Amur basin in the 60-70s
Discovery and annexation to Russia of the Khabarovsk Sea of Okhotsk and the Amur region
At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries, the unification of Russian lands around Moscow into a single state ended the long struggle of the Russian people for their state unity and national independence
Population of the region
The formation of the population potential of the region has always been associated with the solution of foreign policy and strategic interests of the state. Gaining a foothold in the newly annexed outlying lands, the ruler
Climate of the Amur region
Radiation processes: The climate of the Khabarovsk Territory is formed as a result of the interaction of radiation and circulation processes. Radiation processes determine the
Relief, soils, landscapes
The geological structure of the Khabarovsk Territory is extremely complex. The most ancient sediments (Archean, 4000-2500 million years ago) come to the surface on the Siberian platform of the Ayano-May region
Water resources of the Amur region
On the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, whose area is 824.6 thousand km2, there are about 210 thousand rivers with a total length of 584 thousand km. Of this number of rivers
Land resources of the Amur region
Meadow landscapes: Amur created huge plains on which meadow vegetation settled. Meadows formed in the open spaces of the plains. Vary meadow
Mineral resources of the Amur region
In the Khabarovsk Territory, 118 types of minerals have been identified and explored, which are divided into various natural resources: Fuel and energy combustible minerals (ext.
Specially protected natural areas of the Khabarovsk Territory
Specially protected natural areas are a national treasure and natural heritage of the country. The system of protected areas in Russia includes 101 state nature reserves, 38 national parks, 6
Natural parks
Natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and
Ecological corridors
Four ecological corridors have been formed on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory, their total area is 156,580 hectares. Ecological corridors are organized, as a rule, between specially protected
Natural monuments
Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
One natural site has the status of a dendrological park - the Khabarovsk Dendrological Park, located in the village. Sosnovka of the Khabarovsk municipal district at the selection and seed production forestry
Medical and recreational areas and resorts
“Mukhen Mineral Waters” is a deposit of natural medicinal resources of federal significance, which is located in the Mukhen River basin of the Nanai region. It occupies an area of 8.8 thousand hectares. Re
Certified wholesale of local significance
The list of specially protected natural areas of local importance includes 165 objects of various profiles; it is presented in the Resolution of the head of the Khabarovsk Territory dated January 20, 1997 No. 7.
Cadastre of specially protected natural areas
The state cadastre of specially protected natural areas is a collection of regularly updated systematic data on the status of specially protected natural areas, their geographical location
Maintaining the Red Data Book of the Khabarovsk Territory
In accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory (Resolution of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory dated October 13, 2006 No. 157-pr), the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory is
Physiographic characteristics of the arboretum
The arboretum is located in the Leninsky district of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the floodplain of the lower reaches of the Silinka River, on its left bank, in a preserved area of the Silinsky forest. The territory of the arboretum is represented by
Questions for the exam
1. Ecological ideas of the ancient period. 2. Ecological ideas of the Renaissance. 3. Ecological ideas in the 18th century. 4. Environmental presented
Loading...
