Chebyshev mechanism
Chebyshev mechanism- this is a mechanism that converts rotational motion into approximately linear motion.
It was invented in the 19th century by mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, who conducted research on theoretical problems of kinematic mechanisms. One of these problems was the problem of converting rotational motion into approximately linear motion.
Rectilinear movement is determined by the movement of point P - the midpoint of the link L 3, located in the middle between the two extreme coupling points of this four-bar mechanism. ( L 1 , L 2 , L 3, and L 4 are shown in the illustration). When moving along the area shown in the illustration, point P deviates from ideal linear movement. The relationships between the lengths of the links are as follows:
Point P lies at the middle of the link L 3. The given relations show that the link L 3 is positioned vertically when it is in the extreme positions of its movement.
The lengths are related mathematically as follows:
Based on the described mechanism, Chebyshev produced the world's first walking mechanism, which enjoyed great success at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878.
Other ways to convert rotational motion into approximately linear motion are the following:
- Heuken mechanism is a type of Chebyshev mechanism;
- Lipkin-Posselier mechanism;
Notes
Links
| Mechanisms | |
|---|---|
| Rotational | |
| Straight-line | |
| ...approximately | |
| Progressive | |
| Complex movement | |
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See what the “Chebyshev Mechanism” is in other dictionaries:
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As early as the 12th century, people tied papers together with small ribbons and secured them with wax. In the 17th century, especially for Louis XV, a fastening mechanism was made, where each staple was handmade and bore the emblem of the royal house. But this device was never presented to the general public.
A device resembling a stapler appeared in the second half of the 19th century, then only one staple was loaded into it at a time.
In 1868, Charles Gould invented the wire stitching machine for use in magazine binding. The machine used uncut wire, which was cut and inserted into the fold of the magazine, and a mechanism on top bent the ends of the wire. Gould's invention is recognized as the predecessor of the modern stapler.
The Englishman's invention marked the beginning of a whole series of similar products. An analogue of the modern stapler was released in 1905 by an American company. The stapler held about 25 metal staples, but after using them it was almost impossible to place new ones in the device. In 1923, it became possible to load staples that were glued into strips into a stationery device, and in 1930 the lid of the stapler began to open. The name itself arose in 1909, and before that the device was called “fastener” or “fastener”.
Today, a stapler is necessary for quickly fastening sheets of paper or cardboard. It can be used to make brochures. The bracket of the device passes through the sheets and rests against a plate on which there are two recesses. In this case, the ends of the staples are bent inward and thus secured.
There are different types of staplers: desktop vertical or horizontal (with a rubber sole), pocket, manual (with indentations for fingers), stitching (provide maximum stitching depth), printing (staples up to 250 sheets, used in large institutions). They can also be mechanical or electrical. Staplers that are operated by squeezing two handles are called pliers. The design of such a device helps to stitch sheets without much effort. Another variety is the tacker, a staple gun for attaching posters or notices to walls.
One of the most important parts of a stapler is its internal mechanism. The motor system is driven by a spring or metal plate. The plate fails more slowly than the spring and therefore ensures that the “tongue” is pushed along the groove for a long time. The “tongue” itself can be made of metal or plastic.
A stapler can be characterized by power and depth. Power shows the maximum number of sheets a stapler can punch. It also depends on the thickness of the sheets being stitched. The depth is determined by the distance from the stitching site to the edge of the sheet.
The stapler package must contain the number of the staple that fits it. The article number of the staple is indicated by a fraction, where the first digit is the number, and the second is the length of the leg. The method of loading a stapler can be different and depends on its type. Some have a front loading button on the back that pushes the chute forward. There is also rear loading, but it is more typical for pliers. There are models of staplers that can accommodate up to 7 types of staples, and where you can adjust the depth of the stitching. To separate pages, an anti-stapler is used, which can be either a separate device or an additional function of a regular stapler.
The stapleless stapler was invented in 1997 by Christian Berger. They are convenient because they do not require additional materials - staples, paper clips, buttons. The sheets are held together with paper strips, which the device cuts out itself. Separating the paper is easy enough, but it will leave a small cut.
A stapler will last longer if it is made of a durable material, such as metal. Plastic also has its advantages: it is pleasant to hold in your hands and convenient to transport. The most profitable option would be a model with a combined body. It is advisable that the device have a rubber sole, which will prevent slipping when fastening. A high-quality and stylish stapler will be a good gift for a person who works in an office.
Which the Mustachioed Criminal Koba accepted with a plow, and left with a nuclear bomb, the technology for the production of which was stolen from the Pindos by Jewish communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (which anti-Semitic Stalinists do not like to remember).
Original taken from von_hoffmann c Some inventions and discoveries made during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II.
On the picture: Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II, designer of the four-engine biplane “Russian Knight” (built at the Russian-Baltic Carriage Plant) I.I. Sikorsky and military pilots. Krasnoye Selo, July 25/August 7, 1913.
Rockets and jet engines, space flight theory, calculation of the trajectory of a flight to the Moon, strategic bombers, seaplanes, civil aviation aircraft, super-heavy tanks, electric-powered submarines, polar icebreakers, tankers, destroyers and cruisers, electric trams, tracked tractors, gasoline carburetor eight-cylinder engine with electric ignition and water cooling, telegraph and telephone, camera for marine photography, photocells, radio-controlled mechanisms, electric arc welding, parachute, gas mask, movie camera, color photography, television, induction furnace, geophysical electrical prospecting, aerodynamics, immunology, virology, oncology , synthetic rubber and synthetic detergents, chemosynthesis, thermal cracking, snowmobiles, gyrocars... - all this was invented in the Russian Empire under the Emperor Nicholas II, who gave a powerful impetus to domestic science and invention, including with the Highest patronage and donations from personal funds .
The following lists only the main inventions and discoveries made in the years 1868-1916. Although in earlier years there were many equally amazing inventions: the world's first icebreaker was built in 1864 by shipbuilder Mikhail Osipovich Britnev, and in 1867 Nikolai Afanasyevich Teleshov completed one of the world's first jet aircraft projects... The West learned from Russia , for example, chevron gears were not the invention of Andre Citroen - he became interested in them after encountering such a gear on a processing machine at one of the factories of the Russian Empire.
So, in chronological order (1868-1916):
1868 Stripping header. In 1868, Andrei Romanovich Vlasenko created an original horse-drawn combine that combined a mower, transport and thresher.
1869 Periodic table of chemical elements. Inventor - Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
1871 Autonomous diving suit project. Creator - Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.
1872 Electric lamp. Inventor - Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin. In 1872, he applied for a patent for an incandescent lamp in Russia. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France and Belgium. As a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod placed in an evacuated vessel. The burning time of the rod was 30-40 minutes, then it had to be changed. Therefore, Alexander Nikolaevich proposed pumping out the air from the lamps (the burning time increased to 1000 hours) and instead of coal using refractory metal - tungsten (as in modern lamps).
1872 Monorail with steam-powered carriages. The world's first steam monorail was designed by engineer Alexander Lyarsky.
1873 Odhner's adding machine. Inventor - Vilgodt Theophilus Odner.
1873 Armored cruiser. The head of the construction of the world's first ocean-going armored cruiser "General Admiral" is Andrei Aleksandrovich Popov.
1874 Vector Umov. Nikolai Alekseevich Umov introduced the following properties of energy: speed and direction of movement, density at a given point in the medium, spatial localization of the flow.
1876 Yablochkov candle. Invented in 1876 by Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. The candle was the first commercially viable electric arc lamp.
1876 Experimental oncology. The founder of experimental oncology is considered to be the veterinarian Mstislav Aleksandrovich Novinsky, who in 1876 made a series of grafts of malignant tumors from adult dogs to puppies.
1876 Continuous adding machine. Inventor - Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev. Initially, only summation was supported (subtraction was inconvenient) with continuous transmission of tens; in 1881, the ability to divide and multiply was added. The ideas underlying the adding machine are also used in modern water, gas and electricity meters.
1877 Destroyer. The head of the construction of the world's first seaworthy destroyer "Vzryv" is Andrei Aleksandrovich Popov.
1877 Prototype of a crawler tractor. Inventor - Fyodor Abramovich Blinov. The invention was a railway car with a wooden body and a frame, to the lower part of which two bogies were attached on springs, rotating in a horizontal plane along with the axes of four support wheels. The designer called “endless rails” closed iron belts consisting of individual links. In the front part of the support frame, a rotating drawbar for a double-horse team was strengthened.
1878 Shukhov reservoir. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. Modern cylindrical oil storage tanks are still being built according to the basic principles developed by Shukhov.
1878 Chebyshev walking mechanism. Pafnutiy Lvovich Chebyshev first demonstrated his invention at an exhibition in Paris in 1978, together with a previously invented adding machine.
1879 Tanker. Inventor - Ludwig Nobel.
1880s. Winogradsky Column. The Winogradsky column is a simple device for growing a variety of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s. Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky. It is a glass column containing pond mud diluted with water. You also need a carbon source in the form of newsprint (anything containing cellulose will do), toasted marshmallows or eggshells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. After two months in the light there will be an aerobic/anaerobic bacteria gradient and a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of various microorganisms: Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa and many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria and algae.
1880s. Gasoline carburetor internal combustion engine. Ogneslav (Ignatiy) Stepanovich Kostovich invented a gasoline carburetor eight-cylinder engine with electric ignition and water cooling. For the first time, counter-movement of pistons in opposed cylinders was used. More than 20 years later, a similar arrangement of cylinders was used in airplanes by Hugo Genrikhovich Junkers.
1880 Vitamins. Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin experimentally proved that life requires, in addition to water, salts, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, other substances that are not produced by the animal body.
1880 Electric tram. Inventor - Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky.
1880 Telegraphy and telephony over one wire. Inventor - Grigory Grigorievich Ignatiev.
1881 Rocket project. Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich created a diagram of a jet-powered aircraft.
1881 Arc welding with carbon electrode. The arc welding method was first proposed by Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos and later patented in 1887.
1882 Mozhaisky's plane. Creator - Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.
1882 Multi-pole telephone. Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky developed a multi-pole telephone that was significantly superior to its predecessors in terms of communication quality.
1883 Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The Cathedral of Christ the Savior is the main and largest cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, located in Moscow on the banks of the Moskva River. It is the highest Orthodox church in the world. Built according to the design of Konstantin Andreevich Ton, the temple serves as an outstanding example of the Russian style of architecture. For the first time in history, the domes of the cathedral were gilded using electroplating. The building was destroyed during the Soviet era.
1883 Gas holder. Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov calculated the optimal shape of gas tanks and later developed standard designs for natural gas storage facilities with a capacity of up to 100 thousand cubic meters. m.
1883 Soil science. The year of publication of the monograph “Russian Chernozem” by Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev is the year of birth of a new science - soil science.
1885 Oil barge. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. The first oil barges, built in 1885, reached a length of 150 m. However, already in 1893, a barge 172 m long with a carrying capacity of 12,000 tons was created.
1885 Submarine with electric motor. Inventor - Stepan Karlovich Dzhevetsky.
1886 Aerial camera (AFA). Inventor - Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky. By the way, he invented a waterproof camera for marine photography (1886), photographic plates for aerial photography (1886), and a special camera for recording the phases of a solar eclipse (1887). The world's first AFA for route and area photography from an airplane was invented by the Russian military engineer V.F. Potte. Its tests took place in the summer of 1911 at the Gatchina airfield.
1886 Multiple expansion steam engine. Vasily Ivanovich Kalashnikov in 1872 created a steam engine with double expansion of steam - compound. In 1886 - for the first time in the world with a triple, in 1890 - with a quadruple.
1888 Crawler. The first steam tractor on tracks was built by Fedor Abramovich Blinov.
1888 Arc welding with a metallized electrode. Inventor - Nikolai Gavrilovich Slavyanov.
1888-1890. Photocell. Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov discovered three laws of the photoelectric effect and created the first photocell.
1888 Three-phase power supply system. Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky was one of the first authors of the invention and development of three-phase systems, such as a three-phase motor, a three-phase generator and a three-phase transformer. And for the first time in the world, a three-phase system in industry was used in Novorossiysk by Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Shchensnovich.
1889 Three-line rifle, model 1891 (Mosin rifle, three-line). The rifle developed by Sergei Ivanovich Mosin became the most popular rifle in the world.
1890 Chemosynthesis. The phenomenon was discovered by Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky.
1891 Thermal cracking. The first cracking process was invented by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov.
1892 Viruses. Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky discovered the first virus - the tobacco mosaic virus.
1893 Snail-type jumping mechanism, movie camera. Inventor - Joseph Andreevich Timchenko. It was this mechanism that was used in the kinetoscope, developed jointly with Mikhail Filippovich Freidenberg.
1894 Nephoscope. Inventor - Mikhail Mikhailovich Pomortsev.
1894 The first phototypesetting machine. Viktor Afanasyevich Gassiev created the first working machine in 1894, when he was 15 years old. In 1897 he applied for a patent and was granted it in 1900.
1895“Lightning detector” / Radio receiver. Alexander Stepanovich Popov: “How happy I am that a new means of communication has been opened not abroad, but in Russia.”
1896 Cover-shell. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov.
1896 Tensile structures. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov.
1896 Hyperboloid structures. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. Pay attention also to the Shukhov Tower.
1897 Mesh shell / Aircraft hangars. Inventor - Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. Mesh shells are ideal for spacious pavilions and aircraft hangars.
1898 Polar icebreaker. A polar icebreaker is an icebreaker capable of operating in polar waters covered with vast fields of thick, multi-year sea ice. The Russian icebreaker Ermak was the first icebreaker capable of sailing through pack ice. It was built in England in 1897-1898. according to the design of the Russian admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov and under his supervision. During the first 12 years of operation, the icebreaker spent over a thousand days in ice. Starting with this ship, Russia created the largest ocean icebreaker fleet of the 20th and 21st centuries.
1898 Radio control. On April 7 (March 25), 1898, Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov conducted the first experiments on radio control.
1899 Electromagnetic radiation pressure. Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev proved the existence of light pressure with his experiment.
1899 Electrified monorail. The first electrified monorail in Russia was built in Gatchina according to the design of Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov. The project included the possibility of regenerative braking of trains. Romanov was already thinking about automating traffic in order to eliminate the human factor, and as a solution he proposed an automatic reduction in speed when trains approached a dangerous distance (1.5-2 km).
1901 Conditioned reflex. It was discovered by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.”
1901 Phagocytic theory of immunity. Creator - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. For his work in the field of immunity he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 together with Paul Izmarovich Ehrlich.
1901 Chromatography. Inventor - Mikhail Semenovich Tsvet.
1902 Color photography using triple exposure method. Inventor - Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. In 1905, he patented the design of a sensitizer that was equally sensitive to the entire color spectrum.
1902 Fireproof foam. Firefighting foam is foam used to suppress fire. Its task is to cool and block the fire’s access to oxygen. The result will be that the fire stops. Firefighting foam was invented by Russian engineer and chemist Alexander Grigorievich Laurent in 1902. He was a teacher at a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at the time. Impressed by the terrible oil fires that were difficult to extinguish, Laurent tried to find a liquid substance that could effectively solve the problem, and so he invented firefighting foam.
1903 Theoretical substantiation of the possibility of space flight. Formulated by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.
1903 Cytoskeleton. Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov suggested that the shape of cells is determined by a network of tubules, which he called the cytoskeleton.
1903 Motor ship. The Russian tanker Vandal was the world's first motor ship and the world's first diesel-electric ship.
1903 Electrical prospecting. The monograph “On the use of electricity for the exploration of ore deposits” by E. I. Ragozin, published in 1903, became a striking scientific event at the beginning of this section of geophysics.
1904 Aerodynamics. The year Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky created the lift force theorem can be considered the year of the birth of aerodynamics as a science. Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin made a huge contribution to aerodynamics, and he is rightly called the founder of this science along with Zhukovsky.
1904 Foam fire extinguisher. A foam fire extinguisher is a type of fire extinguisher that uses fire extinguishing foam. It works and looks like carbon dioxide, but there are differences inside. The main container contains an aqueous solution, a foam mixture (usually licorice root is used) and sodium bicarbonate. The first such fire extinguisher was made in 1904 by Alexander Grigorievich Laurent, who invented foam two years earlier.
1904 Mortar. Inventors: Sergey Nikolaevich Vlasyev and Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato.
1905 Korotkoff sounds, a method of measuring blood pressure by auscultation. Discovered by Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkov.
1905 Unsinkable. The concept of unsinkability was first introduced by Stepan Osipovich Makarov, the theory of unsinkability was created by Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov, supplemented and developed by Ivan Grigorievich Bubnov.
1906 Electromagnetic seismograph. Inventor - Boris Borisovich Golitsyn.
1906 Puppet animation. Alexander Viktorovich Shiryaev was the first to make a puppet cartoon in 1906. Interestingly, for a long time Vladislav Aleksandrovich Starevich, another Russian animator, was considered a pioneer.
1907 Snowmobile/Snowmobile. The first and immediately successful snowmobile was made by Sergei Sergeevich Nezhdanovsky.
1907 Accordion.
1907 A television. Boris Lvovich Rosing invented the first electronic method of recording and reproducing images, using an electron scanning system and a cathode ray tube, that is, he was the first to “formulate” the basic principle of the design and operation of modern television. Patent No. 18076 “Method of electrically transmitting images over a distance”, confirmed by a patent in England (1908) and a patent in Germany (1909). In 1911, he succeeded in receiving images of the simplest figures in his laboratory. This was the world's first television broadcast.
1907 Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ on the Blood. An outstanding creation of architecture. The cathedral is decorated with mosaics with a total area of 7,500 sq/m, which is slightly less than the area of the largest collection of mosaics in the Cathedral of St. Louis (7,700 sq/m).
1909 Induction oven. Inventor - Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.
1910 Ionic excitation theory. Creator - Pyotr Petrovich Lazarev.
1910 Synthetic rubber. The first commercially successful form of synthetic rubber was polybutadiene, synthesized by Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev.
1910 Installation, Kuleshov effect. The theory of montage was described by one of the pioneers of world cinema - Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov.
1910 Non-Aristotelian logic. Founder - Nikolai Alexandrovich Vasiliev.
1911 Backpack parachute. Inventor - Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov. The parachute had a round shape and was placed in a metal backpack located on the pilot using a suspension system. At the bottom of the backpack under the dome there were springs that threw the dome into the stream after the jumper pulled out the exhaust ring. Subsequently, the hard backpack was replaced by a soft one, and honeycombs appeared at its bottom for laying slings in them. This rescue parachute design is still used today.
1911 Hafnium. The discovery of the element was made independently of each other by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky with his student Konstantin Avtonomovich Nenadkevich and Georges Urban.
1911 Stanislavsky system. A set of techniques used to prepare actors to portray believable emotions of their characters. The method, which was originally created by Konstantin Stanislavski in 1911-1916, was based on the idea of emotional memory, which an actor internally focuses on to portray the emotions of a stage character.
1911-1915."Mendeleev's Tank" The design of the world's first super-heavy tank was created by Vasily Dmitrievich Mendeleev.
1912 Braking parachute. Invented by Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov and tested it on the Russo-Balt car. In aviation, the braking parachute was first used in 1937, during the preparation of the Soviet expedition to the North Pole.
1912 Braced monoplane. The world's first braced monoplane was created by Yakov Modestovich Gakkel.
1913 Passenger plane. The world's first four-engine aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” by Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky.
1913 Loop. On September 9 (August 27), 1913, Pyotr Nikolaevich Nesterov, based on his calculations, completed a closed loop in the vertical plane, which was later named in his honor. Thus he laid the foundations for aerobatics.
1913 Half-track all-terrain vehicle. Also known as the Kegress mover, invented by Adolf Kegress.
1913 Synthetic rubber. Boris Vasilievich Byzov discovered a method for producing synthetic rubber from oil.
1913 Synthetic detergent. In 1913, Grigory Semyonovich Petrov patented a means for breaking down fats. Today it is widely known as “Petrov’s Kerosene Contact”.
1913 Seaplane. Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich designed the world's first seaplane "M-1".
1914 Gyrocar. Inventor - Pyotr Petrovich Shilovsky.
1914 Strategic bomber. “Ilya Muromets” by Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky.
1913 Airplane "Svyatogor". The largest aircraft at that time did not take off only because of the mysterious death of its designer, Vasily Andrianovich Slesarev.
1915 Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask. Developed by Professor N.D. Zelinsky together with the technologist of the Triangle plant M.I. Kummant in 1915, independently of James Burt Garner.
1915 All-terrain vehicle. The all-terrain vehicle was the first prototype of a tracked tank, or wedge, and the first amphibious tank. It was built in 1915 by Alexander Alexandrovich Porokhovshchikov.
1916 Trans-Siberian Railway. The longest railway in the world.
1916 Optophone. Inventor - Vladimir Davidovich Baranov-Rossine. He developed the ideas of Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin and created an “optophone” (a type of “color” piano) - a device with a system of keys that allows you to project more than three thousand shades of the spectrum onto the screen.
1916 Optimal flight path to the Moon. Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk (real name - Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), half a century before the flights to the Moon, calculated the trajectory that the Americans used in the Apollo program.
As you know, Dzhugashvili (Stalin) took over Russia from Ulyanov (Lenin) in 1924 “with only a plow,” but the Russian Empire was strikingly different from what the Bolsheviks did to it in 7 years.
Many were not some kind of notorious hooligans, street children or punks. But if you remember what we did in the yard, sometimes it becomes a little uneasy. A real extremist could envy the children's skills.
Russian photographer Alexey Marakhovets spoke about his interesting childhood in his personal blog.
1. Sprinklers
What do you think a “sikalka” is? Something from the word "sic". This is true. This was a popular weapon for near-yard water “fighting” before the era of the advent of disposable syringes in pharmacies.
The “sikalka” was made from an empty shampoo bottle or a liter plastic bottle of “Belizna”. A hole was made in the cork with a hot nail on the stove and half of a ballpoint pen without a refill was inserted into it. All this was sealed with mastic or plasticine. Water was poured into a bottle (for the first time at home, then from a pipe under the balcony) and splashed at the opponent. This was an alternative to the expensive and scarce water pistol. By the way, the “sikalka” was great for quenching your thirst.
2. Darts
A piece of paper, 4 matches, a needle, office glue and thread. They hung a homemade target from a notebook sheet on the wall carpet and played. One day my friend and I were playing darts at my house and got into an argument. Out of anger, he threw a dart at me and stuck it right in my hand, and in retaliation I hit him in the stomach.
On the street they also made darts from welding electrodes. They sharpened one end on a curb stone and tied pigeon feathers to the other. They threw them at wooden doors and trees.
3. Slingshots
Who remembers homemade slingshots? They were of two types: classic and keyed. The classic ones were cut from a thick hazel branch with a fork, a wide gray rope was bought at the pharmacy, a piece of leather was taken out (you could secretly cut the houses out of a travel bag and dump it on your sister) and everything was fastened with copper wire or blue electrical tape.
The slingshot was loaded with smooth pebbles, which were often brought into courtyards along with sand, or with unripe berries such as rowan, plum or cherry, which grew in abundance behind the house. Sometimes the power of a stone shot was enough to shatter a champagne bottle from three meters away. Such a slingshot was valued due to the fact that not everyone had the skills and funds to create it. It could be exchanged for other valuables such as inserts from Turbo, CinCin and Final90.
4. Knives
In my opinion, every boy had a folding knife like this in his childhood. This has always been a source of pride. He was carefully kept away from his mother's sight and was not often taken out into the street. The knife was always in the sand, remember? And all because he was just a tool for playing “knives”.
There were many game options, but most often we played “Zemelka” and “Tanchiki”. Each game had many varieties. For example, “Zemelka”: they drew a circle and divided it equally by the number of participants. Everyone stood in their own area. Then, while standing, they stuck a knife into the enemy’s area and cut off a piece of his land. “I got wounded” (didn’t stick it in) - the move passed to someone else. And according to one rule, you had to stand on your land all the time as long as you can. According to others, you could stand outside, but in the event of a catastrophic reduction in your area, the enemy offered you to stand on it for three seconds. If you can't resist, you're out. You could even stand on tiptoes of one leg - the main thing was to hold on for three seconds.
5. Boomerang 
6. Smokers
Only our generation knows what the connection is between a child’s tumbler or a tennis ball and this. But we know what will happen if pieces of this special, magical plastic are wrapped in foil or newspaper, set on fire and extinguished. How many nerves did the guys spend in their garages when such a miracle flew to them from the roof?
7. Spit tube
Another essential attribute of the boy was a metal tube for spitting plasticine or mastic balls. It was very difficult to get such a pipe, and it was highly valued in the yard. A large supply of mastic or plasticine was molded directly onto the tube, from which a piece was pinched off and loaded into the tube. Apart from moral damage, such spitting did not cause anything to its victim. Later, the tube was replaced with an empty gel pen refill, and the plasticine was replaced with millet or buckwheat.
8. Powder flasks
We mined it not far from the Zavolzhskaya landfill, in the Krasny Yar region, near the treatment plant. The valiant military men from the arsenal threw these little yellow things into the open sky, which we collected. And one day they brought sand into our yard. Not just sand, but with tubular gunpowder. Of course, its concentration was small, but if desired, it was possible to collect a handful of gunpowder in 15 minutes. Apparently, the Kamaz operator decided not to bother with sand and scooped it up in the landfill area. Therefore, we no longer had to go to the landfill a good ten kilometers away - the arsenal appeared right under the windows.
What did we do with him? Yes, a lot of things: they wrapped it in foil, set it on fire, and the gunpowder in the foil turned into a rocket. They just burned it, made wicks for explosive packages, and so on.
Who remembers the magic stones with a specific smell that bubble in water? Carbide is a joy for the finder for the whole day! Caring gas welders shook it out of their cylinders right where they worked. Often in the courtyard of a house. And in the pile of useless white trash, there were always a few strong pebbles of calcium carbide! When combined with water, it reacted and released a wonderful gas - acetylene. It is remarkable because it burns well.
Carbide was used in whatever form. And they simply threw it into a puddle, setting it on fire. And they warmed their hands, squeezing the carbide in their palm, immersed in a puddle. And they put it in bottles of water, plugging it with a stopper... But the most effective use of carbide was a hand cannon.
They took an empty bottle of deodorant or dichlorvos, cut off the neck, made a hole at the bottom, put carbide inside, spat on it liberally, plugged all the holes, shook for a minute, opened it and brought a burning match to the small hole - salvo!
My older brother told me that in his childhood they whistled a whole cylinder of carbide and poured it into a drainage well with water. We closed it with a heavy lid with a hole and waited half an hour. Then one boy brought a match to the hole. There was such an explosion that several windows in a neighboring house were broken, the lid flew up, hitting the guy first on the chin, and then covering him a little as it fell. But the worst thing is that he received severe burns to his face, the scars from which remained for life - I saw a photo of him in his adult life.
10. Lead
How much in this word merged for a child’s heart... And merged in the literal sense of the word. Remember how you scoured garages and searched car dumps in search of old batteries? They split them and extracted pure lead, beat out the dried electrolyte and crushed the soft metal into a tin can or bowl, lit a fire and waited for the liquid metal to sparkle in the can.
And then they poured it into a clay mold and did whatever their heart desired. From brass knuckles to toys and keychains. This is dangerous, and you can get poisoned by inhaling lead fumes, especially if you melt it at home.
11. Magnesium
We mixed magnesium, crushed into powder with a file, in a certain proportion with potassium permanganate, which cost a penny at the pharmacy, and wrapped it in a tight paper bag, also wrapping it with adhesive tape. They made a hole and screwed a match to it, so that the head of sulfur was exactly in the hole. It turned out something like this. 
They struck a match on the box and abruptly threw it aside. The package exploded with a deafening noise and a bright flash.
I also liked to conduct various experiments with magnesium at home. For example, I put it in acetic acid and collected the hydrogen released in bubbles in a jar. And then he used a match to ignite this hydrogen. It burned with a loud sound. Or he would set fire to powdered magnesium on the tip of a knife and quickly throw it into the water. Magnesium hydroxide, as a result of a violent reaction with combustion, sublimated to the ceiling and fell from there in white flakes, like snow. By the way, never try to extinguish a burning magnesium or titanium with water - there will be an explosion of hydrogen and oxygen.
12. Crossbows and scarecrows
A match crossbow or scarecrow could easily be assembled from an ordinary stick or clothespin. They shot with burning matches
12. Slate in the fire
I think you can easily remember what happens to slate in a fire. That's right, nothing good - he shoots hard. In pieces. Yes, sometimes so that little remained of the original fire. The shooting slate simply scattered him to the sides. To our delight.
13. Bombs
As children, we already used condoms with all our might. Just not for the intended purpose. Those who lived higher up periodically “bathed” passersby by dropping huge balloons of water, three or four liters each, on them. Particularly frostbitten people added potassium permanganate to it.
14. Lamps and picture tubes
It was a sin not to break a fluorescent lamp thrown into the trash. They broke with a loud bang if you threw the lamp end-on onto the asphalt. They didn't think about the environment back then. But this find in the trash heap was extremely rare and always brought great joy to the boys.
They cast lots to see who would be the first to throw a brick at the top lamp (the ray gun of the kinescope). She was the most vulnerable point of the kinescope. When the lamp broke, the picture tube, due to the internal vacuum, collapsed inward with a very dull bang that echoed in the courtyards. Neighborhood boys immediately came running to see this action. But more often we found picture tubes with a broken lamp.
15. Flying Bolt
A simpler way to make a “bang” was to twist two bolts and a nut, with a package tied to the whole thing as a stabilizer. I also did this thing, but without the package. I just threw it on the asphalt. And as a result, he received a shrapnel wound to his finger... At the Central City Hospital they performed a mini-operation without my mother’s knowledge. Much later, she found a hidden extract from the emergency room about a shrapnel wound. There was a shock.
16. Siphon cans
Used cans for carbonation machines (siphons) were also sometimes used. They were filled with sulfur from matches and the hole was closed with a bolt. Then the infernal device was thrown into the fire. I must say that this thing was the most dangerous invention of the yard boys. One day, all the students at our school were removed from classes and sent to the funeral of a sixth-grader whose carotid artery was damaged by a fragment of such a canister. The ambulance didn't have time to arrive.
And another comrade was left without two fingers when he was grinding a stuffed cylinder on an electric sanding wheel. Personally, I have never made such a balloon, and I categorically do not recommend it to others.
17. Dowels
I think our generation will easily explain the connection between these objects. They hammered the dowel into the asphalt with a brick, took it out, crushed matches into the hole, inserted the dowel and threw a brick on top. Bang! And the piece of asphalt was gone. Matches cost 1 kopeck per box and were freely purchased in the store.
18. Sleeves
Empty cartridge cases were also used. They were stuffed with sulfur from matches, the neck was bent and put into the fire. Personally, I made an improvement proposal and filled the cartridges with lighter gasoline. The flapping is not so strong, but it is impressive. Instead of gasoline, it was possible to fill in diesel fuel, which was easily drained from tar colliders.
19. Ammo
Occasionally, someone would have such construction cartridges that they would load into a construction gun for driving in dowels. They also went to the fire. But it was more interesting to wrap them with thick wire, and holding its long end, knock the capsule on the corner of the transformer booth. The cartridge boomed and turned like a rose.
The guys who were involved in biathlon sometimes had these small-sized cartridges at home. They simply took out the gunpowder from these, fortunately the bullet was easily removed with pliers (they were idiots).
20. Pistons
Who had a revolver that fired such caps? But it was more interesting to scratch the brown spots with something sharp and watch them ignite. Or even more interesting: roll up a roll of strips and hit it with a hammer. Ringing in the ears was guaranteed for 10 minutes.
21. Pistol
Still, there were legal factory-produced weapons. Do you remember what he shot with?
22. Capacitors
In the fifth grade, the school was overwhelmed by a craze for radio components. Capacitive capacitors from the TV (2000 microfarads, 100-300V) were charged from a 220-volt outlet and used as a stun gun on comrades.
Smaller parts, such as resistors and diodes, were jammed into the socket with a textbook, which led to a normal explosion with a sheaf of sparks. via
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